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Common causes include cerumen (earwax) in the external ear canal, fluid in the middle ear, Eustachian tube dysfunction, eardrum problems, and chronic otitis media (middle ear infection). Pressure changes such as air or mountain travel, allergies, and upper respiratory tract infections can also increase the sensation of ear blockage.
It is a condition characterized by a persistent perforation of the eardrum, recurrent ear discharge, and hearing loss. Long-standing inflammation may lead to ossicular erosion and more serious complications; therefore, detailed evaluation with ENT examination and audiological tests is required. Computed tomography helps assess the bony structures and the condition of the mastoid air cells.
During acute exacerbations, appropriate antibiotic/antiseptic ear drops and treatments that relieve the nasal–Eustachian pathway are used. In cases of permanent eardrum perforation and conductive hearing loss, myringoplasty/tympanoplasty may be planned to repair the eardrum and reconstruct the ossicular chain. In patients with frequent infections and mastoid involvement, mastoidectomy may be added.
Audiometry, tympanometry, and imaging results guide surgical planning. Smoking status, allergies, medications in use, and occupational noise exposure should be reported to the physician. The surgical technique, success rates, and possible risks (infection, taste disturbance, dizziness, residual disease/recurrence) are explained in detail during consultation.
The procedure is performed under general anesthesia via an incision through the ear canal or behind the ear. Temporal fascia or cartilage grafts may be preferred for eardrum repair; if necessary, the conductive chain is reconstructed with ossicular prostheses. A feeling of fullness or echoing sounds in the ear during the first week is normal. Protection from water and pressure, proper use of prescribed drops, and follow-up visits are important.
In most patients, the frequency of infections decreases and hearing quality improves significantly. Physician approval should be awaited before pressure-related activities such as flying or diving. Managing nasal conditions during upper respiratory tract infections helps preserve Eustachian tube function and supports ear health.
Increasing pain or discharge, high fever, dizziness, facial asymmetry, or sudden hearing loss require urgent evaluation. Regular follow-up strengthens the long-term success of surgery.